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Chinese Embassy in Italy

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The Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in Italy is China’s chief diplomatic mission to Italy, located in Rome. The mission’s origins trace to the establishment of formal diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and Italy on November 6, 1970, when Italy became one of the first Western European countries to recognize the PRC, almost five years before the European Community opened diplomatic relations with the PRC. Following this diplomatic breakthrough, the embassy was established in early 1971. The embassy is currently located at No. 56, Via Bruxelles, 00198 Rome.

The People’s Government of Sichuan Province

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The People’s Government of Sichuan Province is the provincial administrative authority of Sichuan Province in the People’s Republic of China. The government’s current structure includes 23 departments, one special institution, eight direct agencies, and ten departmental management institutions. According to the law, its functions include implementing higher-level directives, managing local economic and social development, protecting various forms of property ownership, and “promoting extensive interaction and integration among all ethnic groups.”

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC

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The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is China’s executive department of the State Council responsible for foreign relations. Under Xi Jinping since late 2012, the ministry has become far more vocal and active in pushing China’s agenda abroad, and is a frequent actor in overseas media diplomacy as well as disinformation campaigns. Established in September 1954, it evolved from its 1949 predecessor under Zhou Enlai’s leadership. The ministry manages China’s foreign policy, diplomatic missions, UN representation, and treaty negotiations, while operating under the Central Foreign Affairs Commission. Originally starting with 170 staff in 1949, the ministry has grown to maintain what it claims is the world’s “largest diplomatic network” with 274 posts as of 2024. The ministry underwent significant changes during the Cultural Revolution, followed by reforms under Deng Xiaoping emphasizing professionalism over ideology.

China Radio International

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China Radio International (中國國際廣播電台), founded on December 3, 1941, as Radio Peking, is the state-owned international broadcaster headquartered in Beijing. The organization started its English service on September 11, 1947, broadcasting from a cave in Shahe in the Taihang Mountains during China’s civil war. Now part of China Media Group under the Central Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party, CRI claims it “endeavors to promote favorable relations” between China and the world while “playing a significant role” in China’s soft power strategy. A 2015 Reuters investigation identified at least 33 radio stations in 14 countries that are part of a global radio web structured to obscure CRI as its majority shareholder. The US State Department designated CRI as a “foreign mission” in February 2020.

Jian Hua Daily

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The Jian Hua Daily (柬華日報) is the official newspaper of the Federation of Khmer Chinese in Cambodia (柬華理事總會), founded in August 2000 by Huang Huanming (黄明炤). Based in the Federation’s headquarters building in Phnom Penh, the publication publishes content primarily in Chinese while also offering Khmer-language coverage. Over the years, the Jianhua Daily developed digital platforms, including a website launched in 2007, a mobile app, and a social media presence on WeChat and Facebook. The paper presents itself as the “voice of the Chinese community” with a stated mission of “serving the Chinese community, spreading Chinese culture, and promoting Cambodian-Chinese friendship” (服务华社、传播中华文化、促进柬中友好)—language that closely mirrors Chinese state media’s standard formulations for overseas Chinese publications.

United Front Work Department of the CCP

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The United Front Work Department is a high-level Chinese Communist Party organization that reports directly to the Party’s Central Committee. Described by both Mao Zedong and Xi Jinping as China’s “magic weapon,” it coordinates influence operations domestically and internationally through nine specialized bureaus targeting different groups. The department aims to co-opt and neutralize potential opposition to CCP policies, shape narratives about China abroad, and influence overseas Chinese communities. Under Xi Jinping’s leadership since 2012, the UFWD has gained renewed prominence in Beijing’s foreign policy apparatus, though China denies allegations it engages in espionage through the department. The nine bureaus oversee work ranging from relations with non-communist parties to ethnic minority affairs and overseas Chinese community engagement.