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Entity Type: Domestic Party or Government Institution

Free State of Bavaria

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The Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern) is Germany’s largest federal state by area and a constituent state of the Federal Republic of Germany, which it joined in 1949. Bavaria’s Constitution, adopted on October 26, 1946, and coming into effect on December 8, 1946, establishes it as a democratic, cultural, and social state governed by the rule of law. The state is headed by a Minister-President elected by the Landtag. Bavaria’s parliamentary system centers on the Landtag, one of Europe’s oldest parliaments with roots dating to 1818. The current Landtag comprises 203 representatives from five parties elected through mixed-member proportional representation. At the federal level, Bavaria holds six votes in the Bundesrat (Federal Council) and elects representatives to the Bundestag, Germany’s federal parliament, alongside other German states.

Ministry of Culture and Media Montenegro

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The Ministry of Culture and Media of Montenegro is responsible for shaping and implementing national policies in culture, heritage protection, creative industries, and the media sector. Its mandate includes preserving and promoting Montenegro’s cultural heritage, supporting artistic creation, strengthening media freedom and professionalism, and advancing cultural industries. Through directorates for artistic creation, cultural heritage, media, and creative industries, the ministry funds projects, safeguards traditions, and fosters innovation. It also leads international cultural cooperation and actively includes civil society and NGOs in policy development.

Government of the Macau SAR

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The Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region (澳門特別行政區政府) is the executive authority of Macau, established on December 20, 1999, following the transfer of sovereignty from Portugal to China. Under the Basic Law and “One Country, Two Systems” (一國兩制) framework, the government operates with a degree of autonomy while remaining under Beijing’s jurisdiction for foreign policy and defense matters. The Chief Executive, selected by a 300-member election committee and appointed by the Central People’s Government, heads the administration and appoints an Executive Council of 7 to 11 members. Principal officials include five Secretaries covering administration, economy, security, social affairs, and public works, along with the Commissioner Against Corruption and Commissioner of Audit, all nominated by the Chief Executive and appointed by Beijing. In May 2023, Macau expanded its national security law to widen punishments for opposition to Beijing, including non-violent acts of secession and criticism of central government departments, following similar restrictions implemented in Hong Kong.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation

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The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (俄羅斯聯邦外交部), or MFA Russia, is the central government institution responsible for leading Russia’s foreign policy and international relations. The ministry in its current form was established on December 25, 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, as the successor to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Headquartered in Moscow, the ministry is headed by Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and operates under the authority of the Russian President. The MFA manages Russia’s diplomatic missions worldwide, conducts bilateral and multilateral negotiations, and implements foreign policy strategy. The ministry includes 39 departments divided into territorial and functional divisions, employing thousands of diplomats across its central office, embassies, consulates, and international organization representations globally.

Islamic Republic News Agency

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The Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) is Iran’s official state news agency, founded in 1934 as Pars News Agency and renamed following the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Operating under the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance with government funding, IRNA maintains 60 domestic offices and 30 international bureaus worldwide. The agency publishes the Iran newspaper and provides news services in Persian and other languages. However, IRNA has faced scrutiny for spreading misinformation on topics including COVID-19, regional conflicts, and international affairs, with critics questioning its journalistic credibility and noting instances where it cited satirical sources as factual news.

Ministry of Telecommunications, Information Technologies, and Social Communication of Angola

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The Ministry of Telecommunications, Information Technologies, and Social Communication of Angola was formally established through Presidential Decree No. 16/18 on January 25, 2018, as the entity responsible for policy and strategy in telecommunications and information technologies in Angola. The ministry works through the regulatory body, INACOM, established in 1999, to grant licenses, mediate disputes, and protect consumers.

Council for Electronic Media

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The Council for Electronic Media (CEM) is Bulgaria’s regulatory body for media services, established in late 2001. Operating under the Radio and Television Act, the CEM oversees both linear and nonlinear (fixed and on-demand) media services, including radio and television broadcasting, by setting standards and regulations that operators must comply with. The agency’s members are appointed by the National Assembly and the President through a rotational system. The CEM’s responsibilities include licensing broadcasters, monitoring compliance with advertising and content regulations, arbitrating disputes, protecting consumer rights, and promoting fair competition in the electronic media sector. 

German Federal Foreign Office

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The German Federal Foreign Office (Auswaertiges Amt) represents Germany’s interests to the world, promoting international exchange and offering protection to Germans abroad. Through offices in Berlin and Bonn and approximately 230 diplomatic missions worldwide, the ministry maintains Germany’s relations with other countries and international organizations. Its work extends beyond traditional government contacts to facilitate exchanges in business, culture, science, technology, environment, and development. Working closely with civil society partners including business associations, unions, and human rights organizations, the Foreign Office addresses global challenges including regional conflicts, terrorism, weapons proliferation, and human rights violations. Germany participates actively in international bodies including the Council of Europe, UN Security Council, G7, and European Union.