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Lianhe Zaobao

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Lianhe Zaobao (聯合早報) is Singapore’s flagship Chinese-language daily newspaper, formed in March 1983 through the merger of Nanyang Siang Pau (南洋商報) and Sin Chew Jit Poh (星洲日報), two of Singapore’s oldest Chinese newspapers dating to the 1920s. The newspaper was initially published by Singapore News and Publications Limited before becoming part of Singapore Press Holdings in 1984. Currently published by SPH Media Trust, the newspaper maintains a daily circulation of approximately 136,900 print and digital copies as of 2021. Lianhe Zaobao became the first Chinese newspaper to go online in 1995 and the first foreign Chinese-language newspaper authorized for public distribution in China in 1993. In 2019, the newspaper launched ThinkChina (思想中國), an English-language digital magazine focused on China-related content and analysis.

The Straits Times

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The Straits Times is Singapore’s flagship English-language daily newspaper, established on 15 July 1845 by Armenian businessman Catchick Moses. Originally titled The Straits Times and Singapore Journal of Commerce, it became a daily in 1858 and is regarded as Singapore’s newspaper of record with the country’s most extensive circulation. Under Editor-in-Chief Wong Wei Kong (黃偉光), the publication maintains 16 international bureaus providing comprehensive coverage of Asian and global news alongside local affairs. The Straits Times launched its website on 1 January 1994, becoming among the first newspapers worldwide to establish an online presence. The newspaper operates five main sections covering news, home affairs, sports, finance, and lifestyle content, while producing specialized educational editions for Singapore schools. Following a 2021 restructuring, it is now owned by SPH Media Trust.

ATV Media Group

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ATV Media Group is Hungary’s news television channel based on viewership data, with its main programming profile consisting of news shows, political and intellectual discussion programs, alongside lighter cultural and public affairs magazines and travel shows showcasing Hungary. The channel’s most popular programs include the weekday Híradó appearing five times daily, the foreign policy-focused Világhíradó, and the highly popular morning Start and evening Egyenes Beszéd shows. ATV is accessible not only on television screens but also through the ATV. The station operates both traditional broadcasting and digital platforms through ATV. hu, and maintains an active YouTube presence for archived programming. ATV’s ownership has been complex and controversial, with reports linking the channel to the Faith Church founder Sándor Németh, who allegedly gained majority control through offshore companies by 2019, following the church’s acquisition of the channel in 2003.

Islamic Development Organization

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The Islamic Development Organization (سازمان تبلیغات اسلامی), also known as the Islamic Ideology Dissemination Organization (IIDO), is an Iranian religious and cultural organization established on June 22, 1981, following a decree by Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini (روح‌الله خمینی) after the 1979 Revolution. Created in 1981 to promote the ideologies of the Islamic Republic, the organization operates under the direct supervision of Iran’s Supreme Leader as an independent legal entity. IIDO oversees several media outlets, including the English-language Tehran Times, Mehr News Agency (established June 22, 2003), and Tasnim News Agency, which has close ties to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. The organization’s stated mission includes promoting Islamic culture, defending Islamic principles, and conducting what it calls “surveying misleading advertising and cultural invasion” from political opponents, effectively serving as a state propaganda apparatus.

Philippine News Agency

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The Philippine News Agency (PNA) is the Philippine government’s official web-based newswire service, established on March 1, 1973. Initially operating with teletype machines and typewriters, PNA has evolved into an internet-based news service providing coverage of government policies, activities, and programs. The agency operates with 19 reporters and correspondents in Metro Manila and maintains 16 provincial bureaus that submit content to its central desk in Quezon City around the clock. Under President Rodrigo Duterte’s administration beginning in June 2016, PNA received significant modernization support, including fiber optic connections and equipment upgrades. The agency launched its redesigned website and mobile application on April 24, 2017, resulting in dramatic growth from 11,000 to 4.9 million page views by September 2021. PNA maintains news-sharing agreements with multiple state-owned agencies, including Xinhua (China), Yonhap (South Korea), and TASS (Russia), and participates in the Belt and Road News Alliance, comprising 63 founding members from 35 countries and regions.

Federal Government of Nigeria

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The Federal Government of Nigeria operates as a federal republic established in 1960, with power shared between federal, state, and local levels. President Bola Ahmed Tinubu currently leads the executive branch, while the National Assembly comprises the Senate and House of Representatives, focusing on economic development, security, and infrastructure priorities.

Guangdong Xiexun Technology Co. Ltd.

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Guangdong Xiexun Technology Co. Ltd. was established in 2017 with a registered capital of 10 million yuan. The company describes itself as focused on “internet product development for Southeast Asian countries,” and claims to customize internet products based on “changing market demands” in Southeast Asia. It is unclear whether the company has any connections to official government entities in the PRC, though its TNAOT Cambodian news app largely features content from Chinese state-run media, including the People’s Daily, and strongly promotes the Belt and Road Initiative.

Propaganda Office of the Ningxia Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

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The Propaganda Office of the Ningxia Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (中共寧夏回族自治區委員會宣傳部) serves as the chief office responsible for communicating the agendas of the regional party leadership and overseeing state-run media throughout Ningxia, including direct supervision of the Ningxia Daily Media Group (寧夏日報報業集團) and other regional outlets. The office coordinates party ideological work across the autonomous region, exercising comprehensive control over news, publishing, and cultural production within Ningxia’s borders. It enforces the party’s media discipline, ensuring all local outlets maintain proper political orientation and implement public opinion guidance (輿論導向). The office maintains direct administrative authority over major media conglomerates in the region and oversees ideological compliance across newspapers, broadcasting, and digital platforms.

Afghan Ministry of Information and Culture

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The Afghan Ministry of Information and Culture (وزارت اطلاعات و فرهنگ) is a government ministry established to oversee culture, tourism, publishing affairs, and youth programs, headquartered in Kabul. The ministry claims responsibility for cultural preservation, media oversight, and youth development across Afghanistan. Prior to the Taliban’s seizure of control on August 15, 2021, the organization had been led by various ministers including Sayed Makhdoom Raheen, who served multiple terms between 2001 and 2015 and founded the Association for Peace and Democracy for Afghanistan, and Abdul Bari Jahani, a former Voice of America broadcaster who wrote the lyrics to Afghanistan’s national anthem. The ministry is currently headed by Khairullah Khairkhwa, who previously served in the same role during the Taliban’s earlier governance period from 1996 to 2001.